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In vitro & Cell culture: 105 3D models

Cultured cells by shape (single cells, cultures, immunofluorescence, spheroids — each covering every line that looks alike), ~900 named lines in labelled flasks, dishes, plates and vials; organoids; assays (real sizes µm–cm). Each one is a ready-made 3D model you can turn, recolour and place in a figure — open BioDioRama and type its name in the Library search.

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Human cancer cell lines · Cultures (phase contrast) · Immunofluorescence images · Spheroids & 3-D culture · Human normal & stem cell lines · Organoids & 3-D models · Cell assays · Culture vessels (type your own label)

Human cancer cell lines 12

Epithelial (cobblestone) cells — Cultured cells with epithelial (cobblestone) morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example MCF-7, T-47D, ZR-75-1, ZR-75-30, BT-474, BT-483, CAMA-1, MDA-MB-361, MDA-MB-415 and 669 more. (≈ 15–60 µm)
Round cells — Cultured cells with round morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example NCI-H69, NCI-H82, NCI-H446, NCI-H209, NCI-H526, NCI-H146, NCI-H187, NCI-H524, DMS 53 and 71 more. (≈ 15–60 µm)
Hepatocyte-like (polygonal) cells — Cultured cells with hepatocyte-like (polygonal) morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example HepG2, Hep G2/C3A, Hep 3B, Huh-7, Huh-7.5, PLC/PRF/5, SNU-449, SNU-387, SNU-398 and 40 more. (≈ 15–60 µm)
Melanocytic (dendritic) cells — Cultured cells with melanocytic (dendritic) morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example A-375, SK-MEL-28, SK-MEL-5, SK-MEL-24, WM115, WM266-4, WM793, WM983B, WM35 and 50 more. (≈ 15–60 µm)
Astrocyte-like (stellate) cells — Cultured cells with astrocyte-like (stellate) morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example U-87 MG, U-251 MG, U-118 MG, U-138 MG, U-373 MG, T98G, LN-229, LN-18, A172 and 57 more. (≈ 15–60 µm)
Osteoblast-like cells — Cultured cells with osteoblast-like morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example U-2 OS, Saos-2, MG-63, HOS, 143B, MNNG/HOS, SJSA-1, G-292, HuO9 and 32 more. (≈ 15–60 µm)
Myoblast (spindle) cells — Cultured cells with myoblast (spindle) morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example RD, RH30, RH41, RH4, A-204, RH18, RH28, RH36, JR1 and 16 more. (≈ 15–60 µm)
Adipocyte cells — Cultured cells with adipocyte morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example SW 872, LPS141, T778, LPS246, 93T449, 94T778, Mature adipocytes (human, primary), Mature adipocytes (mouse, primary), Mature adipocytes (rat, primary) and 3 more. (≈ 15–60 µm)
Chondrocyte (rounded) cells — Cultured cells with chondrocyte (rounded) morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example SW 1353, JJ012, CH2879, OUMS-27, C28/I2, TC28a2, T/C-28a2, ATDC5, CL-1 and 5 more. (≈ 15–60 µm)
Compact stem-cell colonies cells — Cultured cells with compact stem-cell colonies morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example NTERA-2 cl.D1, NCCIT, TCam-2, 2102Ep, 833K-E, GCT27, H1 (WA01), H7 (WA07), H9 (WA09) and 54 more. (≈ 15–60 µm)
Round, in suspension cells — Cultured cells with round, in suspension morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example K-562, KU812, MEG-01, KCL-22, LAMA-84, KYO-1, EM-2, JURL-MK1, BV173 and 58 more. (≈ 15–60 µm)
Lymphoblast (round, in suspension) cells — Cultured cells with lymphoblast (round, in suspension) morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example NALM-6, REH, SEM, RS4, 11, 697, SUP-B15, NALM-16, KOPN-8 and 191 more. (≈ 10 µm)

Cultures (phase contrast) 19

Epithelial (cobblestone) cells in culture — Cultured cells with epithelial (cobblestone) morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example MCF-7, T-47D, ZR-75-1, ZR-75-30, BT-474, BT-483, CAMA-1, MDA-MB-361, MDA-MB-415 and 669 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Round cells in culture — Cultured cells with round morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example NCI-H69, NCI-H82, NCI-H446, NCI-H209, NCI-H526, NCI-H146, NCI-H187, NCI-H524, DMS 53 and 71 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Fibroblast-like (spindle) cells in culture — Cultured cells with fibroblast-like (spindle) morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example MRC-5, WI-38, IMR-90, HFL1, LL 24, CCD-19Lu, LX-2, TWNT-1, SK-UT-1 and 167 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Hepatocyte-like (polygonal) cells in culture — Cultured cells with hepatocyte-like (polygonal) morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example HepG2, Hep G2/C3A, Hep 3B, Huh-7, Huh-7.5, PLC/PRF/5, SNU-449, SNU-387, SNU-398 and 40 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
β-cell (granular) cells in culture — Cultured cells with β-cell (granular) morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example EndoC-βH1, EndoC-βH3, MIN6, βTC-6, βTC-tet, NIT-1, MIN6-K8, αTC1-6, αTC1 clone 9 and 11 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Neuronal cells in culture — Cultured cells with neuronal morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example AB8/13, CIHP, Daoy, D283 Med, D341 Med, ONS-76, UW228-2, D425 Med, D458 Med and 88 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Keratinocyte (flattened) cells in culture — Cultured cells with keratinocyte (flattened) morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example OKF6/TERT-2, NOK-SI, HOK, HaCaT, N/TERT-1, N/TERT-2G, Ker-CT, Epidermal keratinocytes (human, primary), Epidermal keratinocytes (mouse, primary) and 1 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Melanocytic (dendritic) cells in culture — Cultured cells with melanocytic (dendritic) morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example A-375, SK-MEL-28, SK-MEL-5, SK-MEL-24, WM115, WM266-4, WM793, WM983B, WM35 and 50 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Astrocyte-like (stellate) cells in culture — Cultured cells with astrocyte-like (stellate) morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example U-87 MG, U-251 MG, U-118 MG, U-138 MG, U-373 MG, T98G, LN-229, LN-18, A172 and 57 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Macrophage-like cells in culture — Cultured cells with macrophage-like morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example HMC3, CHME-3, HMC3-T, THP-1, U-937, MONO-MAC-1, MUTZ-3, MH-S, AMJ2-C11 and 54 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Endothelial cells in culture — Cultured cells with endothelial morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example hCMEC/D3, HBEC-5i, TY10, EA.hy926, HMEC-1, TIME, HUVEC-TERT2, HDMEC-TERT, iHUVEC and 31 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Osteoblast-like cells in culture — Cultured cells with osteoblast-like morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example U-2 OS, Saos-2, MG-63, HOS, 143B, MNNG/HOS, SJSA-1, G-292, HuO9 and 32 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Myoblast (spindle) cells in culture — Cultured cells with myoblast (spindle) morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example RD, RH30, RH41, RH4, A-204, RH18, RH28, RH36, JR1 and 16 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Adipocyte cells in culture — Cultured cells with adipocyte morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example SW 872, LPS141, T778, LPS246, 93T449, 94T778, Mature adipocytes (human, primary), Mature adipocytes (mouse, primary), Mature adipocytes (rat, primary) and 3 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Chondrocyte (rounded) cells in culture — Cultured cells with chondrocyte (rounded) morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example SW 1353, JJ012, CH2879, OUMS-27, C28/I2, TC28a2, T/C-28a2, ATDC5, CL-1 and 5 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Compact stem-cell colonies cells in culture — Cultured cells with compact stem-cell colonies morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example NTERA-2 cl.D1, NCCIT, TCam-2, 2102Ep, 833K-E, GCT27, H1 (WA01), H7 (WA07), H9 (WA09) and 54 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Round, in suspension cells in culture — Cultured cells with round, in suspension morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example K-562, KU812, MEG-01, KCL-22, LAMA-84, KYO-1, EM-2, JURL-MK1, BV173 and 58 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Lymphoblast (round, in suspension) cells in culture — Cultured cells with lymphoblast (round, in suspension) morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example NALM-6, REH, SEM, RS4, 11, 697, SUP-B15, NALM-16, KOPN-8 and 191 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Cardiomyocyte cells in culture — Cultured cells with cardiomyocyte morphology, as seen on a phase-contrast microscope. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example AC16, HCM-SV40, HL-1, Cardiomyocytes (neonatal) (human, primary), Cardiomyocytes (neonatal) (mouse, primary), Cardiomyocytes (neonatal) (rat, primary). (field ≈ 220 µm)

Immunofluorescence images 19

Epithelial (cobblestone) cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with epithelial (cobblestone) morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example MCF-7, T-47D, ZR-75-1, ZR-75-30, BT-474, BT-483, CAMA-1, MDA-MB-361, MDA-MB-415 and 669 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Round cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with round morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example NCI-H69, NCI-H82, NCI-H446, NCI-H209, NCI-H526, NCI-H146, NCI-H187, NCI-H524, DMS 53 and 71 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Fibroblast-like (spindle) cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with fibroblast-like (spindle) morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example MRC-5, WI-38, IMR-90, HFL1, LL 24, CCD-19Lu, LX-2, TWNT-1, SK-UT-1 and 167 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Hepatocyte-like (polygonal) cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with hepatocyte-like (polygonal) morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example HepG2, Hep G2/C3A, Hep 3B, Huh-7, Huh-7.5, PLC/PRF/5, SNU-449, SNU-387, SNU-398 and 40 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
β-cell (granular) cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with β-cell (granular) morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example EndoC-βH1, EndoC-βH3, MIN6, βTC-6, βTC-tet, NIT-1, MIN6-K8, αTC1-6, αTC1 clone 9 and 11 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Neuronal cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with neuronal morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example AB8/13, CIHP, Daoy, D283 Med, D341 Med, ONS-76, UW228-2, D425 Med, D458 Med and 88 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Keratinocyte (flattened) cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with keratinocyte (flattened) morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example OKF6/TERT-2, NOK-SI, HOK, HaCaT, N/TERT-1, N/TERT-2G, Ker-CT, Epidermal keratinocytes (human, primary), Epidermal keratinocytes (mouse, primary) and 1 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Melanocytic (dendritic) cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with melanocytic (dendritic) morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example A-375, SK-MEL-28, SK-MEL-5, SK-MEL-24, WM115, WM266-4, WM793, WM983B, WM35 and 50 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Astrocyte-like (stellate) cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with astrocyte-like (stellate) morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example U-87 MG, U-251 MG, U-118 MG, U-138 MG, U-373 MG, T98G, LN-229, LN-18, A172 and 57 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Macrophage-like cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with macrophage-like morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example HMC3, CHME-3, HMC3-T, THP-1, U-937, MONO-MAC-1, MUTZ-3, MH-S, AMJ2-C11 and 54 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Endothelial cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with endothelial morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example hCMEC/D3, HBEC-5i, TY10, EA.hy926, HMEC-1, TIME, HUVEC-TERT2, HDMEC-TERT, iHUVEC and 31 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Osteoblast-like cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with osteoblast-like morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example U-2 OS, Saos-2, MG-63, HOS, 143B, MNNG/HOS, SJSA-1, G-292, HuO9 and 32 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Myoblast (spindle) cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with myoblast (spindle) morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example RD, RH30, RH41, RH4, A-204, RH18, RH28, RH36, JR1 and 16 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Adipocyte cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with adipocyte morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example SW 872, LPS141, T778, LPS246, 93T449, 94T778, Mature adipocytes (human, primary), Mature adipocytes (mouse, primary), Mature adipocytes (rat, primary) and 3 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Chondrocyte (rounded) cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with chondrocyte (rounded) morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example SW 1353, JJ012, CH2879, OUMS-27, C28/I2, TC28a2, T/C-28a2, ATDC5, CL-1 and 5 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Compact stem-cell colonies cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with compact stem-cell colonies morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example NTERA-2 cl.D1, NCCIT, TCam-2, 2102Ep, 833K-E, GCT27, H1 (WA01), H7 (WA07), H9 (WA09) and 54 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Round, in suspension cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with round, in suspension morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example K-562, KU812, MEG-01, KCL-22, LAMA-84, KYO-1, EM-2, JURL-MK1, BV173 and 58 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Lymphoblast (round, in suspension) cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with lymphoblast (round, in suspension) morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example NALM-6, REH, SEM, RS4, 11, 697, SUP-B15, NALM-16, KOPN-8 and 191 more. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Cardiomyocyte cells — immunofluorescence — Cultured cells with cardiomyocyte morphology, stained for nuclei and the cytoskeleton. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example AC16, HCM-SV40, HL-1, Cardiomyocytes (neonatal) (human, primary), Cardiomyocytes (neonatal) (mouse, primary), Cardiomyocytes (neonatal) (rat, primary). (field ≈ 220 µm)

Spheroids & 3-D culture 1

Tumour spheroid — A 3-D multicellular spheroid (grown in an ultra-low-attachment plate) with a proliferating rim, a quiescent layer and a necrotic core. The same structure also stands for T-47D, ZR-75-1, ZR-75-30, BT-474, BT-483, CAMA-1, MDA-MB-361, MDA-MB-415 and 854 more. (≈ 300–600 µm)

Human normal & stem cell lines 7

Fibroblast-like (spindle) cells — Cultured cells with fibroblast-like (spindle) morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example MRC-5, WI-38, IMR-90, HFL1, LL 24, CCD-19Lu, LX-2, TWNT-1, SK-UT-1 and 167 more. (≈ 15–60 µm)
β-cell (granular) cells — Cultured cells with β-cell (granular) morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example EndoC-βH1, EndoC-βH3, MIN6, βTC-6, βTC-tet, NIT-1, MIN6-K8, αTC1-6, αTC1 clone 9 and 11 more. (≈ 15–60 µm)
Neuronal cells — Cultured cells with neuronal morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example AB8/13, CIHP, Daoy, D283 Med, D341 Med, ONS-76, UW228-2, D425 Med, D458 Med and 88 more. (≈ 15–60 µm)
Keratinocyte (flattened) cells — Cultured cells with keratinocyte (flattened) morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example OKF6/TERT-2, NOK-SI, HOK, HaCaT, N/TERT-1, N/TERT-2G, Ker-CT, Epidermal keratinocytes (human, primary), Epidermal keratinocytes (mouse, primary) and 1 more. (≈ 15–60 µm)
Macrophage-like cells — Cultured cells with macrophage-like morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example HMC3, CHME-3, HMC3-T, THP-1, U-937, MONO-MAC-1, MUTZ-3, MH-S, AMJ2-C11 and 54 more. (≈ 15–60 µm)
Endothelial cells — Cultured cells with endothelial morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example hCMEC/D3, HBEC-5i, TY10, EA.hy926, HMEC-1, TIME, HUVEC-TERT2, HDMEC-TERT, iHUVEC and 31 more. (≈ 15–60 µm)
Cardiomyocyte cells — Cultured cells with cardiomyocyte morphology. Every cell line and primary cell of this shape looks like this, for example AC16, HCM-SV40, HL-1, Cardiomyocytes (neonatal) (human, primary), Cardiomyocytes (neonatal) (mouse, primary), Cardiomyocytes (neonatal) (rat, primary). (≈ 15–60 µm)

Organoids & 3-D models 14

Intestinal organoid (mini-gut) — Crypt–villus organoids from Lgr5+ stem cells (Sato & Clevers, 2009). Looks the same as: Colon organoid, Colorectal tumouroid (PDO), Gastric organoid. (≈ 100 µm – 4 mm)
Intestinal organoid (mini-gut) in a Matrigel dome — Crypt–villus organoids from Lgr5+ stem cells (Sato & Clevers, 2009). Embedded in a drop of basement-membrane matrix. Looks the same as: Colon organoid in a Matrigel dome, Colorectal tumouroid (PDO) in a Matrigel dome, Gastric organoid in a Matrigel dome. (dome ≈ 5 mm)
Liver organoid (cholangiocyte) — Bile-duct-derived liver organoids. Looks the same as: Hepatocyte organoid, Pancreatic ductal organoid, Lung organoid (alveolosphere), Airway organoid, Mammary organoid, Breast cancer organoid (PDO) and 4 more. (≈ 100 µm – 4 mm)
Liver organoid (cholangiocyte) in a Matrigel dome — Bile-duct-derived liver organoids. Embedded in a drop of basement-membrane matrix. Looks the same as: Hepatocyte organoid in a Matrigel dome, Pancreatic ductal organoid in a Matrigel dome, Lung organoid (alveolosphere) in a Matrigel dome, Airway organoid in a Matrigel dome, Mammary organoid in a Matrigel dome, Breast cancer organoid (PDO) in a Matrigel dome and 4 more. (dome ≈ 5 mm)
Kidney organoid — iPSC-derived nephron-containing organoids (Takasato). (≈ 100 µm – 4 mm)
Kidney organoid in a Matrigel dome — iPSC-derived nephron-containing organoids (Takasato). Embedded in a drop of basement-membrane matrix. (dome ≈ 5 mm)
Cerebral organoid (mini-brain) — iPSC-derived cerebral organoid with cortical layers (Lancaster, 2013). Looks the same as: Retinal organoid (optic cup), Skin organoid (with hair follicles), Cardiac organoid (cardioid). (≈ 100 µm – 4 mm)
Cerebral organoid (mini-brain) in a Matrigel dome — iPSC-derived cerebral organoid with cortical layers (Lancaster, 2013). Embedded in a drop of basement-membrane matrix. Looks the same as: Retinal organoid (optic cup) in a Matrigel dome, Skin organoid (with hair follicles) in a Matrigel dome, Cardiac organoid (cardioid) in a Matrigel dome. (dome ≈ 5 mm)
Tumour spheroid (MCTS) — Multicellular tumour spheroid with a necrotic core and hypoxic rim. Looks the same as: Neurosphere, Mammosphere, Islet-like spheroid (pseudo-islet), Hepatic spheroid (3D InSight). (≈ 100 µm – 4 mm)
Tumour spheroid (MCTS) in a Matrigel dome — Multicellular tumour spheroid with a necrotic core and hypoxic rim. Embedded in a drop of basement-membrane matrix. Looks the same as: Neurosphere in a Matrigel dome, Mammosphere in a Matrigel dome, Islet-like spheroid (pseudo-islet) in a Matrigel dome, Hepatic spheroid (3D InSight) in a Matrigel dome. (dome ≈ 5 mm)
Embryoid body — Aggregate of pluripotent stem cells forming all three germ layers. Looks the same as: Blastoid, Gastruloid. (≈ 100 µm – 4 mm)
Embryoid body in a Matrigel dome — Aggregate of pluripotent stem cells forming all three germ layers. Embedded in a drop of basement-membrane matrix. Looks the same as: Blastoid in a Matrigel dome, Gastruloid in a Matrigel dome. (dome ≈ 5 mm)
Spheroids in a U-bottom (ultra-low attachment) plate — A clear 96-well round-bottom ultra-low-attachment plate with one spheroid settled in each well — the standard way to grow uniform tumour spheroids for drug and nanoparticle penetration studies. (12.8 × 8.6 cm plate; wells 6.4 mm)
Microcarriers with adherent cells — Cells (for example MSCs) spread over the surface of microcarrier beads, some bridging neighbouring carriers — how anchorage-dependent cells are expanded in stirred bioreactors. (carriers ≈ 180 µm)

Cell assays 29

Scratch (wound-healing) assay — epithelial cells, 0 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 0 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — fibroblast-like cells, 0 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 0 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — endothelial cells, 0 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 0 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — keratinocyte cells, 0 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 0 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — epithelial cells, 6 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 6 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — fibroblast-like cells, 6 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 6 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — endothelial cells, 6 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 6 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — keratinocyte cells, 6 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 6 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — epithelial cells, 12 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 12 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — fibroblast-like cells, 12 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 12 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — endothelial cells, 12 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 12 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — keratinocyte cells, 12 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 12 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — epithelial cells, 24 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 24 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — fibroblast-like cells, 24 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 24 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — endothelial cells, 24 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 24 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — keratinocyte cells, 24 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 24 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — epithelial cells, 48 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 48 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — fibroblast-like cells, 48 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 48 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — endothelial cells, 48 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 48 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Scratch (wound-healing) assay — keratinocyte cells, 48 h — A scratch through a confluent monolayer closing as cells migrate in; 48 h after wounding. (field ≈ 220 µm)
Transwell migration assay — Cells cross an 8 µm porous membrane towards a chemoattractant; migrated cells are stained on the underside. (6.5 mm insert)
Transwell invasion assay (Matrigel) — Cells degrade a Matrigel layer before crossing the membrane — a measure of invasiveness. (6.5 mm insert)
Transwell co-culture — Two cell types share medium through a membrane without touching.
Colony formation (clonogenic) assay — Single cells grow into crystal-violet-stained colonies; fewer colonies at higher drug or radiation doses. Looks the same as: Colony formation — untreated control.
Endothelial tube formation assay — Endothelial cells on Matrigel organise into capillary-like networks within hours (angiogenesis assay).
Tube formation — inhibited — An anti-angiogenic treatment leaves broken, incomplete tubes.
Comet assay — undamaged DNA — Single-cell gel electrophoresis: intact nuclei stay round.
Comet assay — DNA damage — Broken DNA migrates out of the nucleus into a comet tail.
Whole-cell patch clamp (close-up) — A glass patch pipette, filled with internal solution around an Ag/AgCl wire, sealed onto the soma of a neuron (gigaseal) for whole-cell recording. (neuron ≈ 20 µm soma)

Culture vessels (type your own label) 4

Culture flask (label it) — A T25, T75 or T175 tissue-culture flask with medium and cells. Type any cell line, passage, date or initials on its label. (T25–T175)
Culture dish (label it) — A 35, 60 or 100 mm tissue-culture dish with medium and cells, with your own label. (⌀ 35–100 mm)
Multi-well plate (label it) — A 6-, 12-, 24- or 96-well tissue-culture plate; choose how many wells hold cells and type your own label. (128 × 85 mm)
Cryovial (label it) — A 2 mL cryovial of cells frozen in 10% DMSO, with your own label. (2 mL)