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Instruments & engineering: 472 3D models

Instruments from physics, chemistry, biomedical, mechanical and electrical engineering (real sizes everyday). Each one is a ready-made 3D model you can turn, recolour and place in a figure — open BioDioRama and type its name in the Library search.

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Optics · Mechanics · Heat & fluids · Electricity & magnetism · Modern & nuclear physics · Astronomy & space · Titration & volumetric · Separation & filtration · Distillation & reflux · Air-free & vacuum · Heating & hardware · Electrochemistry · Analytical instruments · Safety · Medical imaging (1 unit ≈ 1 m) · Monitoring & diagnostics · Life support & therapy · Implants & prostheses · Electron microscopes (1 unit ≈ 1 m) · Electron microscopy sample prep (1 unit ≈ 10 cm) · Spectroscopy (1 unit ≈ 10 cm) · Surface, thermal & biophysical analysis (1 unit ≈ 10 cm) · Preclinical (small-animal) imaging (1 unit ≈ 10 cm) · Clinical CT, PET & nuclear medicine (1 unit ≈ 1 m) · Clinical MRI & radiography (1 unit ≈ 1 m) · Ultrasound systems & probes · Bedside & clinic devices (1 unit ≈ 10 cm) · Gears & drives · Bearings & springs · Fluid power & valves · Motors & actuators · Machines & robots · Testing & measurement · Components (1 unit ≈ 1 cm) · Boards & modules (1 unit ≈ 1 cm) · Power, cables & connectors (1 unit ≈ 1 cm) · Workbench tools (1 unit ≈ 1 cm) · Plots, nets & traps · Water & sediment sampling · Soil & vegetation · Wildlife tracking & observation · Weather & climate · Collecting & living collections

Optics 22

Convex (converging) lens — A biconvex glass lens on a post holder.
Concave (diverging) lens — A biconcave glass lens on a post holder.
Lens focusing light rays — Parallel rays focused by a convex lens to a focal point.
Prism splitting white light — A triangular glass prism dispersing white light into a spectrum.
Plane mirror on a stand — A flat mirror in a holder for reflection experiments.
Concave mirror — A curved concave mirror on a holder.
Optical bench — A rail with a light source, lens and screen on carriages.
Helium–neon laser — A lab HeNe laser emitting a red beam.
Beam splitter cube — A cube beam splitter dividing a laser beam in two.
Diffraction grating pattern — A laser through a grating, casting a row of bright spots on a screen.
Crossed polarising filters — Two polarising filters; light passes one and is blocked by the crossed second.
Optical fibre (light guide) — A bundle of optical fibres carrying light round a bend.
Folding hand lens (loupe) — A folding pocket magnifier for close inspection of specimens.
Refracting telescope on a tripod — A refracting telescope with eyepiece on an alt-azimuth tripod.
Binoculars — A pair of field binoculars.
Hand spectroscope — A pocket spectroscope showing a line spectrum.
Light meter (lux meter) — A handheld light meter with a sensor head.
Ray box with light rays — A school ray box casting parallel rays through slits.
Kinematic mirror mount — An optical-table mirror mount with two adjuster screws.
Optical table setup — An optical breadboard with a laser, mirrors and a lens in a beam path.
Iris diaphragm — An adjustable iris aperture on a post.
Microscope objective lens — A microscope objective (40×) with its colour ring.

Mechanics 17

Simple pendulum — A bob on a string from a clamp stand, swinging.
Newton’s cradle — Five steel balls on a frame — conservation of momentum.
Inclined plane with block — A ramp with a block sliding down — forces, friction.
Pulley system (block and tackle) — Two pulleys and a rope lifting a mass.
Spring with hanging mass (Hooke’s law) — A spring stretched by a slotted mass, with a ruler alongside.
Spring balance (newton meter) — A tubular spring balance reading force in newtons.
Slotted masses on a hanger — A stack of brass slotted masses on a hanger.
Calibration weight set — Polished brass calibration weights in a fitted box with tweezers.
Dynamics trolley — A low-friction lab trolley on four wheels.
Stopwatch — A mechanical stopwatch with crown button.
Metronome — A pyramid metronome with its swinging pendulum arm.
Gyroscope — A spinning gyroscope balanced on a stand.
Tuning fork on resonance box — A steel tuning fork on a wooden resonance box, with a rubber mallet.
Lever on a fulcrum — A beam balanced on a triangular fulcrum with masses.
Air track with glider — A linear air track with a glider and light gates.
Ticker timer with tape — A ticker timer marking dots on a paper tape.
Projectile launcher — A spring launcher firing a ball along a parabola.

Heat & fluids 11

Glass lab thermometer — A spirit-filled glass thermometer with scale.
Thermocouple thermometer — A digital thermometer with a K-type thermocouple probe.
Calorimeter with stirrer — An insulated copper calorimeter with lid, thermometer and stirrer.
Aneroid barometer — A wall barometer with a brass case.
U-tube manometer — A U-tube manometer with coloured liquid on a scale board.
Hydrometer in a cylinder — A hydrometer floating in a measuring cylinder of liquid.
Bell jar on a vacuum plate — A glass bell jar on a pump plate with a ringing bell inside.
Stirling engine model — A low-temperature Stirling engine with flywheel.
Crookes radiometer — A light mill: vanes spinning in a partial-vacuum glass bulb.
Galileo thermometer — A glass cylinder of coloured floating bulbs.
Thermal imaging camera — A handheld infrared camera showing a heat map.

Electricity & magnetism 21

Bar magnet — A red and blue bar magnet marked N and S.
Horseshoe magnet — A U-shaped magnet with silver pole tips.
Magnetic field lines around a magnet — A bar magnet with its curving field lines.
Magnetic compass — A compass with a red north needle.
Solenoid — A copper coil wound on a tube, with its field.
Electromagnet lifting paper clips — A nail wound with wire, connected to a battery, picking up clips.
Van de Graaff generator — A belt-driven electrostatic generator with a metal dome and spark.
Tesla coil — A resonant transformer throwing purple arcs from its toroid.
Gold-leaf electroscope — An electroscope: a metal rod with diverging gold leaves in a glass case.
Plasma ball — A glass globe with glowing plasma filaments.
Analogue ammeter — A moving-coil ammeter with terminals.
Analogue voltmeter — A moving-coil voltmeter with terminals.
Galvanometer — A centre-zero galvanometer for small currents.
Digital multimeter with probes — A handheld multimeter with a rotary selector and red/black test leads.
Oscilloscope — A digital storage oscilloscope showing a sine wave.
Function generator — A signal generator with frequency display and outputs.
DC bench power supply — A dual-display bench power supply with outputs.
Sliding rheostat — A variable resistor: a wire-wound tube with a slider.
Transformer (laminated core) — A step-up transformer: two coils on an iron core.
Simple DC motor — A school motor: a coil spinning between two magnets.
Series circuit board — A battery, switch and bulb wired on a circuit board.

Modern & nuclear physics 7

Geiger–Müller counter — A radiation counter with a GM tube probe.
Sealed radioactive source — A sealed source in a lead pot with the trefoil label.
Cloud chamber with particle tracks — A diffusion cloud chamber showing particle tracks over dry ice.
Cathode-ray tube (Teltron) — A deflection tube with a glowing electron beam curving in a field.
Gas discharge tube (neon) — A spectrum tube glowing in its holder.
Lead shielding bricks — A small castle of interlocking lead bricks around a detector.
Radiation dosimeter badge — A clip-on personal dosimeter badge.

Astronomy & space 5

Reflecting telescope (Dobsonian) — A large reflector telescope on a rocker-box mount.
Radio telescope dish — A steerable parabolic radio dish on a mount.
Orrery (solar system model) — A brass mechanical model of the planets around the Sun.
Space station module — An orbital lab module with solar arrays.
Space helmet — An astronaut helmet with a gold visor.

Titration & volumetric 8

Titration (burette on a stand) — A burette on a clamp stand dripping titrant into a conical flask at the pink end point.
Volumetric pipette with filler — A bulb volumetric pipette with a rubber pipette filler.
Graduated pipette — A straight graduated (Mohr) pipette with a colour band.
Pressure-equalising dropping funnel — An addition funnel with a PTFE tap and side arm.
Quartz cuvette — A 1 cm quartz cuvette with a sample, for UV–Vis spectroscopy.
NMR tube — A thin glass NMR sample tube with a cap.
Weighing boat with powder — An anti-static weighing boat holding a white powder.
Glass stirring rod in a beaker — A glass rod resting in a beaker of solution.

Separation & filtration 8

Separatory funnel — A pear-shaped separating funnel on a ring stand, two immiscible layers.
Büchner funnel and filter flask — Vacuum filtration: a Büchner funnel on a side-arm flask with vacuum tubing.
Gravity filtration — A glass funnel with folded filter paper over a beaker.
Chromatography column — A glass column packed with silica, separating coloured bands.
TLC plate in a developing chamber — A thin-layer chromatography plate developing in a lidded jar.
TLC plate (developed) — A developed TLC plate with baseline, solvent front and spots.
Paper chromatography — Ink separating on a paper strip hanging in a beaker of solvent.
Melting-point capillaries — A vial of glass melting-point capillary tubes.

Distillation & reflux 10

Liebig condenser — A straight water-jacketed condenser with hose connections.
Allihn (bulb) condenser — A bulb condenser for reflux.
Coil (Graham) condenser — A condenser with an inner glass coil.
Simple distillation apparatus — Heating mantle, flask, still head with thermometer, Liebig condenser and receiving flask.
Three-neck round-bottom flask — A three-necked round-bottom flask for reactions.
Pear-shaped flask — A pear-shaped flask for small volumes.
Dean–Stark apparatus — A Dean–Stark trap collecting water under a reflux condenser.
Soxhlet extractor — A Soxhlet extractor with thimble, siphon arm and condenser.
Kjeldahl flask — A long-necked Kjeldahl digestion flask.
Calcium chloride drying tube — A bent drying tube packed with desiccant granules.

Air-free & vacuum 7

Schlenk flask — A round flask with a side-arm tap for working under inert gas.
Schlenk line (vacuum/gas manifold) — A dual manifold with taps for vacuum and nitrogen.
Glove box — An inert-atmosphere glove box with gloves and antechamber.
Rotary vane vacuum pump — An oil-sealed rotary vacuum pump with motor and gauge.
Glass desiccator — A glass desiccator with a ground lid, porcelain plate and silica gel.
Gas syringe — A glass gas syringe measuring gas produced in a reaction.
Kipp’s apparatus — A three-bulb Kipp generator for producing gas.

Heating & hardware 20

Retort stand with boss and clamp — An empty clamp stand with a boss head and three-finger clamp.
Heating on a tripod and gauze — A beaker on a tripod and gauze over a Bunsen burner flame.
Crucible on a pipe-clay triangle — A porcelain crucible with lid heated strongly on a pipe-clay triangle.
Crucible tongs — Steel crucible tongs.
Evaporating dish with crystals — A porcelain evaporating basin with crystals forming.
Watch glass — A shallow concave watch glass with a sample.
Thiele tube — A Thiele tube for melting-point determination, heated at its side arm.
Heating mantle with flask — An electric heating mantle holding a round-bottom flask.
Ice bath with flask — A round-bottom flask cooled in an ice bath.
Laboratory scissor jack — An adjustable scissor lab jack.
Test-tube holder with tube — A wooden test-tube holder gripping a tube of solution.
Wash bottle — A squeezable plastic wash bottle with a bent nozzle.
Amber dropper bottle — An amber glass dropper bottle for indicators.
Winchester solvent bottle (2.5 L) — A large amber solvent bottle with a hazard label.
Gas cylinder with regulator — A compressed-gas cylinder with a two-stage regulator and gauges.
Flame tests — Wire loops in Bunsen flames showing metal-ion colours.
Universal indicator colour series — Test tubes of universal indicator from pH 1 (red) to 14 (purple).
pH indicator strips with colour chart — A box of pH test strips and a colour chart.
Ball-and-stick molecular model — A ball-and-stick model of ethanol from a molecular model kit.
Periodic table wall chart — A colour-coded periodic table of the elements.

Electrochemistry 3

Hofmann voltameter (electrolysis of water) — Electrolysis of water: hydrogen and oxygen collecting in two graduated tubes.
Daniell cell with salt bridge — Zinc and copper half-cells joined by a salt bridge, driving a voltmeter.
Three-electrode cell with potentiostat — Working, counter and reference electrodes in a cell, wired to a potentiostat.

Analytical instruments 14

Automatic titrator — An automatic titrator with burette drive, electrode and stirrer.
Karl Fischer titrator — A coulometric Karl Fischer titrator for water content.
Conductivity meter — A benchtop conductivity meter with probe on an arm.
Handheld refractometer — A handheld refractometer with a prism cover.
Polarimeter — A polarimeter measuring optical rotation of a chiral sample.
Ostwald viscometer — A U-shaped glass capillary viscometer in a clamp.
Melting-point apparatus — A digital melting-point apparatus with viewing lens.
Colorimeter — A colorimeter with a cuvette slot and filter selector.
FTIR spectrometer — A benchtop FTIR spectrometer with an ATR accessory.
NMR spectrometer magnet — A superconducting NMR magnet on its legs, with a console.
Gas chromatograph — A GC with an autosampler tower and oven door.
MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer — A benchtop MALDI-TOF for identifying microbes and proteins.
Atomic absorption spectrometer — An AAS with a burner head flame and hollow-cathode lamps.
X-ray diffractometer — A powder X-ray diffractometer cabinet with a goniometer.

Safety 5

Flammables safety cabinet — A yellow fire-resistant cabinet for flammable solvents.
Eyewash station — A wall-mounted plumbed eyewash station.
Emergency safety shower — A floor-standing emergency shower with pull rod and eyewash.
Fire blanket — A wall-mounted fire blanket with pull tapes.
Chemical spill kit — A spill kit bin with absorbent pads and socks.

Medical imaging (1 unit ≈ 1 m) 12

MRI scanner — A closed-bore MRI scanner with its patient table.
CT scanner — A CT scanner gantry with its sliding table.
Mobile C-arm X-ray — A mobile fluoroscopy C-arm used in theatre.
Mammography unit — A mammography X-ray unit with compression paddle.
Ultrasound machine — A cart-based ultrasound scanner with probe and image.
Ultrasound transducer probe — A curved-array ultrasound probe with cable.
Flexible endoscope — A flexible endoscope with control head, angulation wheels and insertion tube.
Laparoscopic instruments — A laparoscope and two graspers through trocar ports.
Surgical robot (patient cart) — A multi-arm robotic surgery system’s patient-side cart.
Slit lamp — An ophthalmic slit-lamp biomicroscope with chin rest.
Ophthalmoscope — A direct ophthalmoscope with lens wheel.
Operating microscope — A surgical microscope on a floor stand with binocular head.

Monitoring & diagnostics 15

Patient vital-signs monitor — A bedside monitor with ECG, pleth and respiration waveforms and numbers.
ECG machine (12-lead) — A 12-lead electrocardiograph on a cart with a printed trace.
Holter monitor — A wearable Holter recorder with electrode leads.
EEG cap with electrodes — An EEG electrode cap on a head form.
EMG sensor on a forearm — Surface EMG electrodes on a forearm, wired to a wireless amplifier.
Continuous glucose monitor — A CGM sensor on the upper arm and its phone readout.
Wearable biosensor patch — A flexible skin patch with printed electronics.
Capsule endoscope (pill camera) — A swallowable camera capsule with LEDs behind a clear dome.
Point-of-care analyser — A handheld blood analyser with a test cartridge.
Spirometer — A handheld spirometer with a disposable mouthpiece.
Hand-grip dynamometer — A hand-grip strength dynamometer with dial.
Gait force plate — A floor force plate measuring ground-reaction forces, with a footprint and force vector.
Motion-capture camera — An infrared motion-capture camera with LED ring on a tripod.
Exercise treadmill (1 unit ≈ 1 m) — A treadmill for exercise stress testing.
Cycle ergometer — A stationary bike ergometer with power display.

Life support & therapy 17

Mechanical ventilator — An ICU ventilator with touchscreen, breathing circuit and pressure waveforms.
CPAP machine with mask — A CPAP machine with humidifier, hose and nasal mask.
Volumetric infusion pump — An infusion pump on a pole with an IV line.
Insulin pump — A pager-sized insulin pump with tubing and infusion set.
Haemodialysis machine — A dialysis machine with dialyser, blood pump and lines.
Heart–lung machine — A cardiopulmonary bypass machine with roller pumps, oxygenator and reservoir.
ECMO console — An ECMO system: centrifugal pump, membrane oxygenator and cannula lines.
Neonatal incubator — An infant incubator with clear hood and porthole doors.
Anaesthesia machine — An anaesthesia workstation with vaporisers, flowmeters and bellows.
Electrosurgical unit (diathermy) — An electrosurgical generator with a pencil and return pad.
Defibrillator monitor with paddles — A manual defibrillator with ECG screen and two paddles.
Surgical light (operating lamp) — A ceiling-mounted LED operating light shining down.
Operating table — A sectional surgical table on a central column.
Radiotherapy linear accelerator — A medical linac with rotating gantry over a treatment couch.
TENS unit with electrode pads — A transcutaneous nerve stimulator with two pairs of pads.
Nebuliser with mask — A compressor nebuliser with medication cup and child mask.
Hyperbaric oxygen chamber — A clear monoplace hyperbaric chamber.

Implants & prostheses 14

Pacemaker with leads — An implantable pacemaker can with two pacing leads.
Implantable defibrillator (ICD) — A subcutaneous ICD can with a shocking coil lead.
Cochlear implant — A cochlear implant: receiver–stimulator, magnet coil and electrode array.
Hearing aid (behind the ear) — A behind-the-ear hearing aid with tube and dome.
Deep brain stimulator — A DBS system: chest pulse generator, extension wire and brain lead.
Left ventricular assist device — An LVAD pump attached to a heart apex with outflow graft and driveline.
Total artificial heart — A two-chamber total artificial heart with inflow cuffs.
Running blade prosthesis — A below-knee carbon-fibre running blade with socket.
Myoelectric prosthetic hand — A multi-articulating bionic hand with socket.
Lower-limb exoskeleton — A powered walking exoskeleton with hip and knee actuators.
Microelectrode array (brain–computer interface) — A 10 × 10 silicon microelectrode array with wire bundle.
Silicon neural probe — A multi-shank silicon probe with recording sites.
Total knee replacement components — Femoral component, polyethylene insert, tibial tray with keel and a patellar button. (adult knee)
Spinal fusion (pedicle screws and cage) — L4–L5 fused with pedicle screws, a rod and a PEEK interbody cage packed with bone graft, cut through the pedicles. (lumbar spine)

Electron microscopes (1 unit ≈ 1 m) 9

SEM — conventional (tungsten filament) — A scanning electron microscope with a thermionic tungsten gun: column on a vibration-isolated chamber, beside the operator desk with two monitors. (≈ 2.5 m wide)
SEM — field-emission (FEG-SEM) — A high-resolution field-emission SEM: a taller column with a Schottky gun, in-lens detectors and an EDS detector on the chamber; electronics in a separate rack. (≈ 3 m wide)
SEM — tabletop / benchtop — A compact tabletop SEM (×100 000) for the lab bench: a short column and quick-load sample drawer, run from a laptop. (≈ 50 cm (on a bench))
Environmental SEM (ESEM / low-vacuum) — An environmental SEM images wet, oily or living samples in water vapour: a large chamber with a Peltier cooling stage, gaseous detector and separate pumping. (≈ 3 m wide)
FIB-SEM dual-beam — A focused-ion-beam SEM: an electron column and a gallium ion column meet at the sample at 52°, to mill cross-sections, prepare TEM lamellae and do serial-section 3-D imaging. (≈ 3 m wide)
TEM — 120 kV (routine biology / materials) — A 120 kV transmission electron microscope for thin sections and negative stain: viewing chamber with binoculars, side-entry specimen holder and a CCD camera. (≈ 2.6 m tall)
TEM — 200 kV field-emission (HRTEM / STEM / EDS) — A 200 kV field-emission TEM for atomic-resolution imaging, diffraction, STEM and EDS mapping, with a tall HV tank and an energy filter under the column. (≈ 3 m tall)
Cryo-TEM (300 kV, enclosed) — A 300 kV cryo-electron microscope for single-particle cryo-EM and tomography: the column inside a white enclosure, a 12-cartridge autoloader at −190 °C and a direct electron detector. (≈ 3.2 m tall)
Aberration-corrected STEM — A scanning TEM with a probe (and image) aberration corrector — the stack of multipole lenses that gives sub-ångström resolution — on a very stiff, tall column. (≈ 3.4 m tall)

Electron microscopy sample prep (1 unit ≈ 10 cm) 3

Plunge freezer (cryo-EM grid vitrification) — A climate chamber blots a grid and plunges it into liquid ethane cooled by liquid nitrogen, freezing the sample as vitreous ice. (≈ 45 cm tall)
Sputter coater (gold / carbon) — Coats non-conductive SEM samples with a few nanometres of gold, platinum or carbon under a glass bell jar with a glowing plasma. (≈ 30 cm)
TEM grid (copper mesh) — A 3 mm copper grid with a fine mesh, carrying the support film and sample for TEM. (3 mm)

Spectroscopy (1 unit ≈ 10 cm) 13

FTIR spectrometer with diamond ATR — A benchtop FTIR with a single-reflection diamond ATR accessory: press a solid or a drop of liquid onto the crystal with the clamp arm and record the spectrum in seconds. (≈ 45 cm)
FTIR microscope (IR imaging) — An infrared microscope coupled to an FTIR bench, with a cooled MCT detector, to map chemistry across tissue sections, microplastics and polymer films. (≈ 90 cm)
FTIR — portable / handheld — A handheld FTIR analyser for identifying unknown solids, coatings and pharmaceuticals in the field, with an ATR window on its nose. (≈ 25 cm)
Confocal Raman microscope — A Raman spectrometer built on an upright microscope with a 532 / 785 nm laser: label-free chemical images of cells, tissues, pharmaceuticals and 2-D materials. (≈ 1 m)
Raman — handheld analyser — A handheld Raman analyser that identifies chemicals through glass vials and plastic bags (raw-material checks, hazmat). (≈ 20 cm)
UV-Vis spectrophotometer (double-beam) — A double-beam UV-visible spectrophotometer with its sample compartment open: two quartz cuvettes (sample and reference) in the beams, 190–1100 nm. (≈ 55 cm)
Microvolume spectrophotometer (NanoDrop-type) — Measures DNA, RNA and protein concentration from a 1–2 µL drop held between two optical pedestals by surface tension. (≈ 20 cm)
Fluorescence spectrometer (fluorimeter) — Excitation and emission monochromators at right angles to a cuvette: emission spectra, quantum yields, FRET and binding titrations. (≈ 70 cm)
Circular dichroism (CD) spectrometer — Measures the difference in absorption of left and right circularly polarised UV light — protein secondary structure, folding and melting curves; purged with nitrogen. (≈ 90 cm)
NMR spectrometer — benchtop (60–100 MHz) — A permanent-magnet benchtop NMR (no cryogens) for reaction monitoring and teaching labs: drop in a 5 mm tube, read a ¹H spectrum. (≈ 45 cm)
X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS / ESCA) — An ultra-high-vacuum system: a hemispherical electron energy analyser and monochromated Al Kα X-ray source over the analysis chamber, with a load-lock — surface elemental and chemical-state analysis of the top 10 nm. (≈ 2.2 m (1 unit ≈ 1 m))
ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer) — Trace-element and isotope analysis to parts per trillion: an autosampler feeds a nebuliser and argon plasma torch, ions pass into a quadrupole mass analyser. (≈ 1.1 m wide)
LC-MS (HPLC with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer) — A stacked HPLC (solvent bottles, pumps, autosampler, column oven) feeding an electrospray mass spectrometer — the workhorse of metabolomics, proteomics and drug quantification. (≈ 1.2 m)

Surface, thermal & biophysical analysis (1 unit ≈ 10 cm) 12

Atomic force microscope (AFM) — A sharp tip on a cantilever scans the surface; a laser reflected off the cantilever measures nanometre topography and forces — cells, DNA, polymers, 2-D materials — inside an acoustic enclosure. (≈ 50 cm)
Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) — Measures heat flow into a sample pan against a reference as both are heated — melting, glass transitions, crystallinity, protein and lipid-nanoparticle stability. (≈ 50 cm)
Thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) — A microbalance weighs a sample in a furnace as it is heated — moisture, polymer and drug decomposition, filler and residue content. (≈ 60 cm)
Rotational rheometer (parallel plate) — Shears a gel, melt or suspension between a rotating plate and a Peltier-controlled base: viscosity, storage and loss moduli (G′, G″), yield stress — hydrogels, bioinks, polymers. (≈ 60 cm)
Contact angle goniometer — A camera films a water drop on a surface against a back light and fits its profile: wettability, surface energy, coating and hydrophobicity. (≈ 80 cm)
Optical profilometer (white-light interferometer) — A non-contact 3-D surface profiler: interference fringes map roughness and step heights from nanometres to millimetres — coatings, MEMS, implants. (≈ 50 cm)
Spectroscopic ellipsometer — Polarised light reflects off a film at an angle; the change in polarisation gives film thickness (sub-nanometre) and optical constants — thin films, self-assembled monolayers, protein adsorption. (≈ 70 cm)
Surface area & porosity analyser (BET) — Nitrogen adsorption at 77 K on outgassed samples in glass tubes over a liquid-nitrogen dewar: BET surface area and pore-size distribution of MOFs, silica, scaffolds and catalysts. (≈ 1 m tall)
Nanoindenter — A diamond tip pressed into a surface with micronewton control, measuring hardness and elastic modulus of thin films, bone, cartilage and hydrogels. (≈ 60 cm)
Isothermal titration calorimeter (ITC) — A syringe titrates a ligand into a protein in the sample cell; the heat of each injection gives binding affinity, stoichiometry and enthalpy. (≈ 45 cm)
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor — Real-time, label-free binding kinetics: proteins flow over a gold sensor chip in microfluidic channels and the resonance angle shifts as they bind (kon, koff, KD). (≈ 60 cm)
Nanoparticle tracking analyser (NTA) — A laser lights up nanoparticles (exosomes, liposomes, viruses) in a flow cell and a camera tracks each one's Brownian motion to size and count them. (≈ 35 cm)

Preclinical (small-animal) imaging (1 unit ≈ 10 cm) 6

Micro-CT — benchtop (ex vivo, µm resolution) — An X-ray micro-CT cabinet for bone, teeth, scaffolds and fixed specimens at a few µm voxels: source, rotating stage and flat-panel detector behind a lead-glass window. (≈ 90 cm)
Micro-CT — in vivo (small animal) — An in vivo micro-CT for live mice and rats under anaesthesia: a rotating gantry around a heated bed, with respiratory gating — lungs, bone, tumours, contrast-enhanced vessels. (≈ 1 m)
Small-animal MRI (7 T / 9.4 T horizontal bore) — A preclinical MRI: a superconducting horizontal-bore magnet with a cryocooler on top; the mouse slides in on a cradle with anaesthesia, heating and respiratory monitoring. (≈ 1.5 m long (magnet))
Small-animal PET / SPECT-CT — A preclinical molecular imaging system: PET (or SPECT) ring and CT in one gantry, imaging radiotracer uptake — tumours, brain receptors, biodistribution of nanomedicines. (≈ 1.2 m)
High-frequency preclinical ultrasound (Vevo-type) — A 20–70 MHz ultrasound system for mice and rats: a probe on a motorised rail over a heated imaging platform with ECG electrodes — echocardiography, tumour volumes, photoacoustics. (≈ 1.6 m tall)
In vivo optical imaging system (bioluminescence / fluorescence) — A light-tight box with a cooled CCD camera above a heated stage for up to five anaesthetised mice: bioluminescence (luciferase) and fluorescence imaging, with an isoflurane manifold. (≈ 90 cm tall)

Clinical CT, PET & nuclear medicine (1 unit ≈ 1 m) 7

CT scanner — wide-bore (radiotherapy planning) — An 80–90 cm bore CT used to plan radiotherapy, with flat couch top and room for immobilisation devices and larger patients. (≈ 2.4 m wide)
CT scanner — dual-source / photon-counting — A high-end CT with two X-ray tubes (or a photon-counting detector) for cardiac imaging in a single heartbeat and spectral tissue characterisation. (≈ 2.3 m wide)
Mobile CT (head / intraoperative) — A compact CT on wheels brought to the ICU or operating room for head and spine scans. (≈ 1.4 m)
Cone-beam CT (dental / ENT) — A standing cone-beam CT: a C-arm with the X-ray source and flat-panel detector rotates around the head in one turn — teeth, implants, sinuses and temporal bones. (≈ 2 m tall)
PET-CT scanner — A long gantry with a CT ring in front and a PET detector ring behind: FDG metabolic images fused with anatomy for cancer staging and response. (≈ 2.4 m wide, 2 m deep)
SPECT-CT gamma camera — Two large gamma-camera heads on a rotating gantry, combined with a CT: bone scans, myocardial perfusion, thyroid and sentinel-node imaging. (≈ 2.4 m)
Gamma camera (single head, planar) — A single-head scintillation camera on a stand for planar nuclear medicine images (thyroid, renogram). (≈ 2 m)

Clinical MRI & radiography (1 unit ≈ 1 m) 7

Open MRI (C-shaped magnet) — A low-field open MRI with two poles above and below the patient — for claustrophobic, paediatric and larger patients, and interventional work. (≈ 2.2 m)
MRI scanner — 3 T wide bore with head coil — A 3 tesla, 70 cm bore MRI with a head coil and mirror on the couch: neuro, cardiac, MSK and functional MRI. (≈ 2.3 m wide)
Digital radiography room (DR) — A ceiling-mounted X-ray tube with collimator over a table with a flat-panel detector, and a wall stand for chest films. (≈ 3 m room)
Mobile X-ray unit — A battery-powered X-ray cart with a telescopic arm, wheeled to the bedside in wards and intensive care. (≈ 1.9 m)
Angiography system (cath lab C-arm) — A floor- or ceiling-mounted C-arm over the procedure table, with a large monitor bank — coronary angiography, stenting and interventional radiology. (≈ 3 m)
DEXA bone densitometer — Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: a scanning arm passes over the patient on a long table — bone mineral density (osteoporosis) and body composition. (≈ 2.3 m)
Linear accelerator (radiotherapy LINAC) — A medical linear accelerator: the gantry head rotates around the patient to deliver shaped, intensity-modulated X-ray beams, with on-board kV imaging panels. (≈ 3 m)

Ultrasound systems & probes 9

Ultrasound — premium cart system (1 unit ≈ 1 m) — A full-size ultrasound system: a large articulating monitor, touch panel, a full keyboard and four connected probes in their holders — radiology, cardiology, obstetrics. (≈ 1.7 m)
Ultrasound — portable laptop system — A laptop-style ultrasound on a light cart, for emergency, anaesthesia (nerve blocks) and vascular access. (≈ 35 cm (1 unit ≈ 10 cm))
Ultrasound — handheld (POCUS probe + phone) — A pocket ultrasound: a single probe connected to a smartphone or tablet app — point-of-care lung, heart and FAST scans. (≈ 15 cm (1 unit ≈ 10 cm))
Ultrasound probe — linear array (high frequency) — A flat-faced 5–15 MHz linear array for superficial structures: vessels, thyroid, breast, tendons, nerves and vascular access. (≈ 15 cm (1 unit ≈ 10 cm))
Ultrasound probe — curvilinear (convex) array — A 2–6 MHz convex probe with a curved face and wide field for abdomen, obstetrics and gynaecology. (≈ 15 cm (1 unit ≈ 10 cm))
Ultrasound probe — phased array (cardiac) — A small-footprint 1–5 MHz phased array that steers its beam electronically to image the heart between the ribs (echocardiography). (≈ 13 cm (1 unit ≈ 10 cm))
Ultrasound probe — endocavity (transvaginal / transrectal) — A long, slim probe with a small curved tip for transvaginal (early pregnancy, gynaecology) and transrectal (prostate) imaging. (≈ 25 cm (1 unit ≈ 10 cm))
Ultrasound probe — transoesophageal echo (TEE) — A gastroscope-like probe with a phased array at its tip, passed down the oesophagus to image the heart closely; steering wheels on the handle. (≈ 1 m long (1 unit ≈ 10 cm))
Ultrasound probe — 3-D/4-D volume (obstetric) — A bulky convex probe with a motorised array sweeping inside it, building 3-D and live 4-D volumes of the fetus. (≈ 17 cm (1 unit ≈ 10 cm))

Bedside & clinic devices (1 unit ≈ 10 cm) 12

Pulse oximeter (fingertip) — Shines red and infrared light through a fingertip to read oxygen saturation (SpO₂) and pulse rate. (≈ 6 cm)
Sphygmomanometer (aneroid) with stethoscope — An arm cuff with a bulb and dial gauge, and a stethoscope for listening for the Korotkoff sounds. (≈ 30 cm)
Otoscope — A handheld light and magnifier with a disposable speculum for examining the ear canal and eardrum. (≈ 15 cm)
Blood glucose meter with test strip — A handheld glucose meter reading a drop of capillary blood on a test strip; with a lancing device. (≈ 10 cm)
Syringe pump — Drives a syringe at a precise, slow rate — infusions in ICU, microfluidics and drug release in the lab. (≈ 30 cm)
Infant incubator (neonatal) — A transparent, heated and humidified hood over a mattress with porthole hand access — the neonatal intensive care cot. (≈ 1 m)
ECMO machine — Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a centrifugal blood pump and a membrane oxygenator take over heart and lung function, with heater and console. (≈ 1.2 m)
Endoscopy tower (video processor, light source, insufflator) — The trolley behind every endoscopy and laparoscopy: HD monitor, video processor, LED light source, CO₂ insufflator and the scope hanging at the side. (≈ 1.9 m)
OCT retinal scanner with fundus camera — Optical coherence tomography: near-infrared light gives micrometre cross-sections of the retina (and a colour fundus photo) — macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic eye disease. (≈ 50 cm)
Dental chair unit — A reclining dental chair with the operating light, instrument tray with handpieces, assistant's suction and the spittoon. (≈ 1.8 m (1 unit ≈ 1 m))
Hospital bed (ICU) — An electric ICU bed: articulated mattress platform, side rails, head and foot boards, castors and a drip stand. (≈ 2.1 m (1 unit ≈ 1 m))
Nebuliser with mask — A compressor turns liquid medication into a fine mist breathed in through a mask — asthma and COPD. (≈ 20 cm)

Gears & drives 20

Spur gear pair — Two meshing spur gears on shafts.
Helical gear — A helical gear with angled teeth.
Bevel gear pair — Two bevel gears meshing at right angles.
Worm and wheel — A worm screw driving a worm wheel — a high-ratio gear.
Rack and pinion — A pinion gear driving a straight toothed rack.
Planetary gear set — A sun gear, three planets, carrier and internal ring gear.
Gearbox (cut-away) — A cut-away gearbox housing showing gears on parallel shafts.
V-belt drive — Two pulleys joined by a V-belt.
Timing belt and pulleys — A toothed timing belt on two pulleys (like a 3D printer axis).
Chain and sprockets — A roller chain running over two sprockets.
Universal joint — A Cardan universal joint linking two shafts at an angle.
Jaw shaft coupling — A flexible jaw coupling with an elastomer spider.
Cam and follower — A rotating cam lifting a roller follower.
Crankshaft — A four-throw crankshaft with counterweights.
Piston and connecting rod — An engine piston with rings, gudgeon pin and connecting rod.
Slider-crank mechanism — A crank wheel driving a slider along a guide.
Geneva drive — A Geneva mechanism turning continuous rotation into steps.
Ratchet and pawl — A ratchet wheel with a spring-loaded pawl.
Flywheel — A heavy spoked flywheel on its shaft.
Disc brake (rotor and caliper) — A ventilated brake disc with a red caliper.

Bearings & springs 8

Ball bearing — A deep-groove ball bearing with visible balls and cage.
Tapered roller bearing — A tapered roller bearing: cone, rollers and cup.
Pillow-block bearing — A shaft supported in a cast pillow-block bearing.
Compression spring — A helical compression spring with ground ends.
Extension spring — A close-wound extension spring with hooks.
Torsion spring — A torsion spring with two straight legs.
Leaf spring — A multi-leaf vehicle suspension spring with eyes.
Disc (Belleville) springs — A stack of conical disc springs on a guide.

Fluid power & valves 20

Hydraulic cylinder — A double-acting hydraulic ram with hoses.
Pneumatic cylinder — An aluminium pneumatic cylinder with push-in fittings.
Gear pump — An external gear pump with ports.
Centrifugal pump — A centrifugal pump with volute casing and motor.
Pump impeller — A closed centrifugal impeller with curved vanes.
Air compressor — A piston air compressor on a receiver tank with gauge.
Gate valve — A flanged gate valve with handwheel.
Ball valve — A brass ball valve with a lever handle.
Butterfly valve — A wafer butterfly valve with the disc visible.
Solenoid valve — An electrically operated solenoid valve with coil and cable.
Rotameter (variable-area flow meter) — A tapered glass flow tube with a float.
Pipe fittings — Copper pipe with an elbow, tee and a flanged joint.
Shell-and-tube heat exchanger — A heat exchanger with the shell cut away to show the tube bundle.
Pelton turbine wheel — A Pelton wheel with buckets and a water jet.
Wind turbine (model) — A three-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbine.
Jet engine (turbofan) — A turbofan engine with fan, nacelle and exhaust cone.
Four-stroke engine (cut-away) — A single-cylinder engine cut away to show piston, valves and spark plug.
Spark plug — A spark plug with ceramic insulator and hex body.
Turbine rotor — A multi-stage steam-turbine rotor with blade rows.
Marine propeller — A bronze three-blade ship propeller.

Motors & actuators 6

Industrial electric motor — A finned three-phase induction motor with terminal box.
Stepper motor (NEMA 17) — A square-flanged stepper motor with its cable.
Hobby servo — A small RC servo with horn and three-wire lead.
Electric linear actuator — A motor-driven linear actuator with extending rod.
Lead screw with nut — A trapezoidal lead screw with a bronze nut.
Linear guide rail with carriage — A profile linear rail with a ball carriage block.

Machines & robots 11

CNC milling machine — A benchtop CNC mill with spindle, vice and enclosure.
Metal lathe — An engine lathe with chuck, tool post and tailstock.
Drill press — A bench drill press with chuck, table and feed handles.
3D printer (FDM) — A desktop filament 3D printer printing a part.
Resin 3D printer (SLA) — A resin printer with an orange UV-blocking lid and build plate.
Laser cutter — A CO₂ laser cutter with a lid window and laser head.
Industrial robot arm (6-axis) — A six-axis articulated robot arm with gripper.
Delta (parallel) robot — A high-speed delta pick-and-place robot.
Robotic parallel gripper — A two-finger parallel gripper holding a tube.
Conveyor belt — A belt conveyor with rollers carrying boxes.
Mobile robot (AGV) — A wheeled autonomous mobile robot with lidar.

Testing & measurement 8

Universal testing machine — A tensile testing frame with grips and a dog-bone specimen.
Hardness tester — A Rockwell hardness tester with indenter, anvil and dial.
Strain gauge on a beam — A foil strain gauge bonded to a cantilever beam with lead wires.
S-type load cell — An S-beam load cell with threaded ends and cable.
Dial indicator on magnetic base — A dial test indicator on an articulated magnetic stand.
Torque wrench — A click-type torque wrench with scale.
Steel I-beam section — A length of structural steel I-beam.
Truss bridge model — A Warren truss bridge model with a load.

Components (1 unit ≈ 1 cm) 22

Resistor — A through-hole resistor with colour bands (10 kΩ).
Electrolytic capacitor — A radial aluminium electrolytic capacitor with polarity stripe.
Ceramic disc capacitor — A small orange ceramic disc capacitor.
Toroidal inductor — A copper-wound ferrite toroid inductor.
Diode — A rectifier diode with cathode band.
LED (5 mm, lit) — A 5 mm red LED glowing, with long and short legs.
Transistor (TO-92) — A small-signal transistor in a TO-92 package.
Power MOSFET on heatsink — A TO-220 power transistor bolted to a finned heatsink.
Integrated circuit (DIP-14) — A 14-pin dual in-line integrated circuit.
Microcontroller chip (QFP) — A quad flat-pack microcontroller with gull-wing pins.
Computer processor (CPU) — A CPU with its metal heat spreader and contact pads.
Silicon wafer with chips — A polished silicon wafer patterned with chip dies.
Quartz crystal oscillator — A metal-can quartz crystal (16 MHz).
Potentiometer — A rotary potentiometer with knurled shaft.
Tactile push button — A 6 mm tactile switch with a round cap.
Toggle switch — A panel-mount toggle switch.
Relay — A sealed PCB relay with coil and contacts.
Glass fuse — A cartridge fuse with a visible wire element.
Piezo buzzer — A round piezo buzzer with a sound port.
Loudspeaker driver — A small speaker driver with cone and magnet.
Light-dependent resistor (LDR) — A photoresistor with its zigzag cadmium-sulfide track.
Thermistor — An epoxy-bead NTC thermistor.

Boards & modules (1 unit ≈ 1 cm) 16

Breadboard with LED circuit — A solderless breadboard with an LED, resistor and jumper wires.
Microcontroller board — A development board with USB, headers and a microcontroller.
Single-board computer — A credit-card-sized computer with SoC, ports and GPIO header.
Assembled circuit board — A populated PCB with chips, capacitors, connectors and traces.
Memory module (RAM) — A DDR memory stick with chips and gold contacts.
Graphics card (GPU) — A graphics card with twin fans and display outputs.
Character LCD (16 × 2) — A 16×2 character display showing text.
OLED display module — A small OLED display showing a graph.
Seven-segment display — A red seven-segment LED digit showing 8.
LED strip — A flexible RGB LED strip, lit in rainbow colours.
Ultrasonic distance sensor — An ultrasonic ranging module with two transducers.
PIR motion sensor — A passive infrared motion sensor with Fresnel dome.
Waterproof temperature probe — A stainless digital temperature probe on a cable.
Wi-Fi microcontroller module — A Wi-Fi module with a metal shield and PCB antenna.
RFID tag and card — An RFID card with its antenna coil and a key-fob tag.
Dipole antenna — A telescopic dipole antenna on a stand.

Power, cables & connectors (1 unit ≈ 1 cm) 12

Lithium-ion cell (18650) — A cylindrical 18650 lithium-ion cell.
Lithium-polymer pouch battery — A flat Li-Po pouch cell with balance lead.
Battery holder (4 × AA) — A four-cell AA holder with batteries and leads.
Solar panel — A photovoltaic panel on a tilt stand (1 unit ≈ 10 cm).
USB cable — A USB-C to USB-A cable.
Jumper wires — A bundle of coloured Dupont jumper wires.
BNC coaxial cable — A coaxial cable with a bayonet BNC connector.
Crocodile-clip leads — Test leads with red and black crocodile clips.
Wall socket and plug — A wall power outlet with a plug inserted.
Circuit breaker — A DIN-rail miniature circuit breaker.
Pole-mounted transformer — A distribution transformer on a utility pole (1 unit ≈ 1 m).
Extension cable reel — A cable reel with sockets and handle.

Workbench tools (1 unit ≈ 1 cm) 6

Soldering station — A temperature-controlled soldering station with iron and stand.
Solder wire spool — A spool of tin–copper solder wire.
Desoldering pump — A spring-loaded solder sucker.
Helping hands with magnifier — A soldering third hand with crocodile clips and a magnifying lens.
Logic analyser — A USB logic analyser with probe leads.
Clamp meter — A clamp-on current meter round a cable.

Plots, nets & traps 12

Quadrat on grass — A 0.5 m square sampling quadrat with string grid, laid on vegetation.
Transect line with markers — A measuring tape laid as a transect between stakes, with flagged points.
Pitfall trap — A cup sunk flush in the soil with a rain cover, for ground invertebrates.
Sweep net — A heavy canvas sweep net for sampling insects in vegetation.
Butterfly net — A long-handled aerial net with fine mesh.
Pond dip net — A D-frame pond net for freshwater invertebrates.
Plankton net — A conical plankton net with a cod-end bottle, towed by a bridle.
Berlese–Tullgren funnel — A lamp drying leaf litter in a funnel, driving soil animals into ethanol.
Moth light trap — A mercury-vapour moth trap with vanes over a collecting box.
Camera trap — A camouflaged trail camera strapped to a tree.
Live small-mammal trap — An aluminium box trap for live-catching small mammals.
Mist net — A fine mist net strung between poles for catching birds and bats.

Water & sediment sampling 7

Secchi disk — A black-and-white Secchi disk on a marked rope, for water clarity.
Niskin water sampler — A Niskin bottle with spring-closed end caps and messenger.
Sediment corer — A gravity corer with a clear liner showing layered sediment.
Water sample bottles in a cool box — Labelled sample bottles packed on ice in a cool box.
Multiparameter water-quality sonde — A sonde with sensors for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and conductivity, with handheld.
Water test kit (colour comparator) — A colorimetric test kit with tubes, reagents and a colour card.
Hydrophone — An underwater microphone on a cable, for recording aquatic sound.

Soil & vegetation 9

Soil auger — A T-handled screw auger with a soil core.
Soil core sampler — A split-tube soil corer opened to show a soil profile.
Soil moisture meter — A handheld soil moisture/TDR probe pushed into soil.
Soil sieve stack — A stack of brass test sieves for particle-size analysis.
Increment borer with tree core — A tree increment borer and an extracted core showing growth rings.
Clinometer — A handheld clinometer for measuring slope and tree height.
Herbarium plant press — A wooden lattice plant press with straps and pressed specimens.
Chlorophyll (SPAD) meter — A handheld meter clipping a leaf to read chlorophyll content.
Seed trap — A mesh-lined funnel trap on legs collecting seed rain.

Wildlife tracking & observation 10

Handheld GPS — A rugged handheld GPS unit with stub antenna.
GPS tracking collar — A wildlife GPS collar with battery pack and antenna.
Radio-telemetry antenna (Yagi) — A hand-held Yagi antenna and receiver for radio-tracking tagged animals.
Bird ring on a leg — A numbered metal ring on a bird’s leg, with ringing pliers.
Bat detector — A handheld ultrasonic bat detector with spectrogram display.
Bird nest box — A wooden nest box with entrance hole and hinged roof.
Beehive (Langstroth) — A painted Langstroth hive with supers and an open frame of comb.
Bee smoker — A beekeeper’s smoker with bellows and smoke.
Snake hook and tongs — A herpetologist’s snake hook and grab tongs.
Spotting scope — An angled spotting scope on a tripod for wildlife watching.

Weather & climate 5

Automatic weather station — A mast with anemometer, wind vane, radiation shield, rain gauge and solar panel.
Cup anemometer — A three-cup anemometer for wind speed.
Rain gauge — A standard funnel rain gauge with a graduated measuring cylinder.
Stevenson screen — A louvred white instrument shelter on legs.
Environmental data logger — A waterproof temperature/humidity logger with a USB shuttle.

Collecting & living collections 6

Specimen jar in ethanol — A glass specimen jar with a preserved animal in ethanol and a label.
Pooter (aspirator) — An insect aspirator: a jar with suction and intake tubes.
Collecting vials in a rack — Screw-cap vials of ethanol with labelled specimens.
Entomology drawer with pinned insects — A glass-topped collection drawer with pinned beetles and butterflies.
Aquarium with filter — A glass aquarium with gravel, plants, fish and a hang-on filter.
Terrarium — A glass terrarium with substrate, plants, a log and a heat lamp.