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Orbitals · Atomic orbitals: 20 3D models

Every element as an atom, orbitals and bonding, crystals, ions and complexes, real compounds from every field of chemistry, substances in their natural form, electrochemistry and lab experiments (real sizes atoms → lab bench). Each one is a ready-made 3D model you can turn, recolour and place in a figure — open BioDioRama and type its name in the Library search.

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1s orbital — The lowest-energy orbital: a sphere around the nucleus with no nodes. Holds up to 2 electrons. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
2s orbital — A sphere with one radial node: an inner sphere of one phase inside an outer shell of the other (outer shell drawn see-through). Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
3s orbital — Three nested shells of alternating phase, separated by two radial nodes (outer shell see-through). Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
2px orbital — A dumbbell along the x axis: two lobes of opposite phase with a nodal plane through the nucleus. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
2py orbital — A dumbbell along the y axis: two lobes of opposite phase with a nodal plane through the nucleus. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
2pz orbital — A dumbbell along the z axis: two lobes of opposite phase with a nodal plane through the nucleus. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
The three 2p orbitals together — px, py and pz at right angles — together they make a spherical shell of electron density. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
3pz orbital — A 3p orbital: like 2p but with an extra radial node, so each lobe has a small inner lobe of the other phase. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
3dxy orbital — One of the five 3d orbitals: four lobes between the x and y axes. Two nodal surfaces through the nucleus. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
3dxz orbital — One of the five 3d orbitals: four lobes between the x and z axes. Two nodal surfaces through the nucleus. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
3dyz orbital — One of the five 3d orbitals: four lobes between the y and z axes. Two nodal surfaces through the nucleus. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
3dx²−y² orbital — One of the five 3d orbitals: four lobes along the x and y axes. Two nodal surfaces through the nucleus. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
3dz² orbital — One of the five 3d orbitals: two lobes along z with a ring (torus) of the other phase around the middle. Two nodal surfaces through the nucleus. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
4fz³ orbital — One of the seven 4f orbitals (the lanthanides fill these): three nodal surfaces through the nucleus. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
4fxz² orbital — One of the seven 4f orbitals (the lanthanides fill these): three nodal surfaces through the nucleus. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
4fyz² orbital — One of the seven 4f orbitals (the lanthanides fill these): three nodal surfaces through the nucleus. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
4fz(x²−y²) orbital — One of the seven 4f orbitals (the lanthanides fill these): three nodal surfaces through the nucleus. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
4fxyz orbital — One of the seven 4f orbitals (the lanthanides fill these): three nodal surfaces through the nucleus. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
4fx(x²−3y²) orbital — One of the seven 4f orbitals (the lanthanides fill these): three nodal surfaces through the nucleus. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)
4fy(3x²−y²) orbital — One of the seven 4f orbitals (the lanthanides fill these): three nodal surfaces through the nucleus. Drawn from the hydrogen-like wavefunction; blue and orange are the two phases (signs) of ψ. (≈ 0.1–1 nm)