BioLibrary › DNA & Proteins › Nucleic-acid therapeutics
Nucleic-acid therapeutics: 31 3D models
DNA, RNA, nucleic-acid drugs, gene editing, proteins and 300+ real PDB structures (real sizes 1–100 nm). Each one is a ready-made 3D model you can turn, recolour and place in a figure — open BioDioRama and type its name in the Library search.
- siRNA duplex — A 21-nucleotide double-stranded RNA with two-nucleotide 3′ overhangs. The antisense (guide) strand directs RISC to cut its matching mRNA. (≈ 2 × 7 nm)
- Chemically modified siRNA — Fully modified siRNA: alternating 2′-O-methyl and 2′-fluoro sugars and phosphorothioate ends protect it from nucleases and the immune system. (≈ 2 × 7 nm)
- GalNAc–siRNA conjugate — siRNA carrying three GalNAc sugars that bind the asialoglycoprotein receptor on hepatocytes (givosiran, inclisiran). (≈ 2 × 7 nm)
- Cholesterol–siRNA conjugate — siRNA with a cholesterol tail that hitches a ride on lipoproteins. (≈ 2 × 7 nm)
- Antibody–siRNA conjugate — An antibody delivering siRNA to muscle or tumours. (≈ 2 × 7 nm)
- siRNA loaded in RISC (Argonaute-2) — Inside the cell, Argonaute-2 keeps the guide strand and uses it to find and slice target mRNA. (≈ 2 × 7 nm)
- miRNA duplex — The ~22-nt duplex Dicer cuts from a pre-miRNA; one strand becomes the mature microRNA. (≈ 2 × 7 nm)
- shRNA hairpin — A short hairpin RNA expressed from a vector; Dicer trims it into siRNA. (≈ 2 × 7 nm)
- pre-miRNA hairpin — The ~70-nt hairpin exported from the nucleus before Dicer processing; note the bulge. (≈ 2 × 7 nm)
- Double-stranded DNA oligo — A short DNA duplex — a primer–template, decoy or adapter. (≈ 2 × 7 nm)
- Antisense gapmer (ASO) — A 20-mer with protective 2′-MOE wings and a central DNA gap; when it binds mRNA, RNase H cuts the RNA (e.g. inotersen, tofersen).
- LNA gapmer — Locked-nucleic-acid wings give very tight binding.
- Gapmer bound to mRNA + RNase H — The ASO–RNA hybrid recruits RNase H1, which destroys the RNA strand.
- Splice-switching ASO — A fully modified oligo that blocks a splice site (e.g. nusinersen for SMA).
- Splice-switching ASO on pre-mRNA — A steric-blocking ASO covering a splice site without triggering RNase H.
- Morpholino (PMO) — A neutral morpholino oligo (e.g. eteplirsen for Duchenne muscular dystrophy).
- Therapeutic mRNA construct — In-vitro-transcribed mRNA: 5′ cap, 5′ UTR, coding sequence, 3′ UTR and poly(A) tail — each region is its own part to recolour and label.
- Nucleoside-modified mRNA (m1Ψ) — mRNA in which every uridine is replaced by N1-methylpseudouridine, hiding it from innate immune sensors.
- mRNA (coiled) — A messenger RNA folded loosely in solution.
- Polysome (mRNA being translated) — Several ribosomes reading one mRNA at once, each growing a protein chain.
- Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) — A replicon RNA encoding an alphavirus replicase plus the antigen; the replicase copies the RNA inside the cell.
- Circular RNA (circRNA) — A covalently closed RNA ring translated from an IRES — no ends for exonucleases to chew, so it lasts longer.
- Plasmid (with gene map) — A circular DNA vector: promoter, gene, poly(A) signal, origin and resistance gene as coloured arrows you can rename. Looks the same as: GFP expression plasmid.
- Plasmid (double helix) — A plasmid drawn as a real double helix.
- Supercoiled plasmid — Plasmids in cells are negatively supercoiled into an interwound (plectonemic) shape.
- Minicircle DNA — A tiny plasmid stripped of bacterial sequences for safer, longer expression.
- Aptamer bound to its target — A short nucleic acid that folds into a shape gripping a protein or small molecule — a "chemical antibody" (e.g. pegaptanib).
- RNA aptamer — An RNA aptamer such as the anti-VEGF pegaptanib.
- G-quadruplex — Four guanines pair into flat G-quartets that stack around potassium ions — found in telomeres and many aptamers.
- CpG oligonucleotide (TLR9 agonist) — A DNA strand rich in unmethylated CpG motifs that activates TLR9 — a vaccine adjuvant (CpG 1018).
- DNAzyme — A catalytic DNA (10-23 type) that binds and cuts a target RNA.